Definition: Increase in the process of development the positive effect of useful flows.
Definition: Increase in the process of development the the conductivity of useful flows.
Definition: Transition from a flow with many transformations to a homogeneous flow.
Notes: Usually, every transformation of a flo (transfer of substances from one state to another, the change of types of energy, the change in the way information is represented) is accompanied by losses and inhibition. Consequently, reducing the number of such transformations leads to an increase in conductivity. Ideally, there should be no transformations at all, and all components of flows should immediately have the form necessary for their final use.
Examples: An example is a diesel generator and a fuel cell: In a
diesel generator, the energy flow has the following form:
Chemical energy of the fuel -> thermal energy -> mechanical energy ->
electrical energy.
In a fuel cell, the transformation is only one:
Chemical energy of the fuel -> electrical energy.
Consequently, the efficiency of a fuel cell is twice as high.
Definition: Transition from a poorly transmitable flow to a well transmitable flow.
Notes: If there is considerable resistance to the flow, and the losses involved in its conversion are relatively small, the flow is converted to the most easily transferable form.
Examples: An example is the communication tube on a ship.
As the size of ships increased, it became increasingly difficult to use such
tubes. Eventually, there was a natural transition to the interphone - the
sound flow was converted into an easy-to-transmit electrical signal.
Definition: Transition from a long flow to a short one.
Notes: Usually, many types of losses and resistances to a flow are proportional to its length. Consequently, flow length must be reduced in order to increase conductivity. Ideally, the flow should be zero-length, i.e. its components should appear immediately where they are used.
Examples: As an example from another field, it is a well-known fact to
all militaries that highly stretched communications have an extremely
detrimental effect on troop supply, so reduced communications (i.e. shorter
equipment flow lengths) is a constant headache for strategists.
An example is the drill. In the past, the drill was driven
by a stationary motor through a flexible gear, or even a system of
gears.
The long mechanical energy flow imposed limits on the speed of
rotation of the drill, which reduced productivity and increased suffering of
the patient. In today's systems, the source of rotation is located in the
housing of the drill, i.e. the flow length is reduced to almost zero.
Definition: Transition from a flow that contains areas in which its behaviour cannot be predicted with sufficient accuracy to a flow that is free of such areas.
Notes: Since flow behaviour in the grey zone cannot be predicted, the parameters of these areas are usually chosen empirically. It is not always possible to carry out a sufficient number of experiments and therefore these areas are usually not sufficiently optimised, resulting in increased losses and resistance. Consequently, the elimination of grey areas indirectly leads to an increase in conductivity through better optimisation.
Examples: A grey area is also the area where the flow of advertising
information interacts with potential consumers, causing advertising costs to
be overspent and ineffective. This area can be eliminated by various means,
such as targeting ads to supposedly homogenous groups, for example, Barbie
dolls are advertised in cartoons targeted at girls, or the charms of
military service in the commercial breaks of martial arts movies.
Fishing. A school of fish cannot be seen underwater and its
behaviour cannot be accurately predicted, so ensuring a steady flow of fish
from the sea to the fishing vessel is difficult -- causing many unnecessary
costs in unsuccessful net casts and idle crossings.
Sonar has been used
to eliminate the grey zone - it is now possible to see whether fish are
present and to target the trawl.
Definition: Transition from a flow containing areas of resistance much greater than the path resistance, to a flow free of such areas.
Notes: A 'bottle neck' is an area of the flow with sharply increased resistance. Obviously, eliminating such areas greatly increases conductivity.
Examples: filters that prevent allergy-causing particles from reaching
the nasal mucosa.
While good at trapping allergens, they have proven
to be a serious obstacle to air (a typical 'bottle neck') - it is so
difficult to breathe through them that such filters have not been widely
used.
Therefore, in line with the trend, the company GEN3 has developed
anti-allergen nasal inserts working on the cyclone principle.
In these
inserts, the swirling air flow causes the particles suspended in the air to
be ejected by centrifugal force to the walls and adhere to the non-drying
glue-coated surface; the air itself flows freely, experiencing almost no
additional resistance. This eliminates the bottle neck.
Definition: Increase the conductivity of individual flow links up to a physical limit for a given type of conductor.
Notes: Since the flow resistance is strongly dependent on the characteristics of the conductors, improving them leads to an increase in conductivity. Ideally, the characteristics should correspond to the physical limit for a given conductor type.
Examples: Roads - the conductors of wheeled traffic flow - have
evolved from unpaved country lanes to high-speed multi-lane highways.
Windings of electrical machinery. Copper is the best
conductor (apart from superconductors), so electrical conductivity cannot be
improved. On the other hand, insulating materials and coating technologies
have been developed that can increase the voltage.
Definition: Transition from large, low density flows to small, high density flows.
Notes: Often the resistance to a flow is independent of the specific characteristics of the flow. Therefore, it is advantageous to reduce the volume of the flow while increasing its density in order to increase conductivity. As a result, more flow can be carried through the same conductor, or the cost of the conductor can be reduced for the same flow.
Examples: Transport of gas from the production site to the consumers. To increase the capacity, gas is compressed at the input of a trunk pipeline by a compressor, so that significantly more gas flows through a given pipe cross-section.
Definition: Transfer of all or part of the function of one flow to another.
Notes: If a flow additionally takes over the function of another flow, the second flow becomes unnecessary. Therefore, the total power of the flows in the system is reduced without affecting performance, and therefore, efficiency increases.
Examples: A carbureted internal combustion engine. It has a flow of
electricity which causes a spark which ignites the fuel-air mixture.
In
the transition to the diesel engine, the 'ignite the mixture' function has
been taken over by a flow of mechanical energy that is converted into heat
when the mixture is compressed.
Definition: Flows of different nature can affect each other in such a way that the conductivity of the system in relation to them increases.
Examples: An example is thermal extrusion. A heat flow acts beneficially on the flow of the extruded material, increasing the plasticity of the material.
Definition: The flow can improve the conductive characteristics of another flow, resulting in an integral increase in the conductivity of the system.
Examples: A well-known physical effect - cooling of a conductor leads to lower electrical resistance. Therefore, in developing the concept of hydrogen economy, it is proposed to combine power lines with pipelines for liquid hydrogen. In this case the flow of negative heat from the hydrogen will at the same time reduce the resistance of the electric cable.
Definition: Transition from independent transmission of heterogeneous flows to the carriage of one flow by another.
Notes: Flows of different nature can be used to carry each other: a flow of matter can carry different kinds of energy, a flow of energy can carry information, etc.
Examples: In the days when computer technology used punched tape, the
problem arose, how to warn the user that the tape reel was about to run out?
The solution was simple: the last few meters of tape were dyed pink. The
rest is easy. Since the tape is pink, a new reel should be installed. From
our point of view, there is a situation, when the stream of substance (the
tape), which carries the stream of information for the machine, became the
carrier of one more stream of information for the user.
A two-stroke engine. In it, unlike a conventional engine,
where the flows of fuel and lubricating oil are separated, oil is injected
directly into petrol, i.e. there is a transfer of one flow by the
other.
A strong smelling substance (mercaptan) was added to
household gas. The gas stream now carries with it a signal stream informing
people about a leakage.
Definition: Transition from the transmission of several homogeneous flows in independent channels to their transmission in a single channel.
Notes: Combining several homogeneous flows in a single channel increases the integral conductivity of the system and reduces the cost of each stream.
Examples: Transmission of information signals over a lighting
network.
A multi-channel transmission, where multiple independent
streams of information, separated by carrier frequency, are transmitted
simultaneously over the same telephone wire or optical fibre.
Definition: Imparting to a flow a set of properties which improve its transmission along a given type of path.
Notes: Sometimes it is possible to modify the flow in such a way that the resistance to it is reduced. Such modifications include various ways of reducing the viscosity of fluids, laminarisation/turbulisation of flows, use of 'transparency windows', etc.
Examples: Transition from visual inspection (using a stream of visible light) to X-rays, for which the human body is much more transparent (the same stream of electromagnetic radiation, but shifted in frequency), allowed doctors to look inside the living body without the help of a scalpel and probe.
Definition: Transition from a flow entirely within the system to a flow entirely or partially through a path external to the system.
Notes: In some cases it is possible to pass the flow through a supersystem or environment. This allows the use of external paths with high conductivity, and also reduces the system requirements and costs of the intra-system path.
Examples: The switch from wired telephone and telegraph to radio.
Transmission of the signal through the environment has reduced the cost of
laying and maintaining communication channels (cables, wires).
The use of a cable TV channel instead of a leased line for a
fast connection between a home computer and an Internet service
provider.
Definition: In the process of development, there is an increase in the efficiency of useful flows.
Definition: Transition from a flow that contains areas where some part of the flow is for a long time or permanently stagnant to a flow that is free of such areas.
Notes: A 'stagnation zone' is an area of a flow where some part of it is for a long time or permanently stagnant. As a result, the effective flow capacity is reduced, as if there were leaks, although technically all of it remains in the system. Consequently, the elimination of 'stagnant zones' leads to an increase in the efficiency of useful flow by increasing the completeness of its utilisation without increasing the overall capacity.
Examples: The problem of cold-starting a car engine.
It is known
that up to 70-80% of engine wear occurs during the so-called 'cold start'.
The thing is that during engine start in cold weather when lubricating oil
thickens, the oil pump does not have time to deliver it to the cylinders,
and at first the friction in the cylinder-piston pair occurs without any
lubrication, which naturally leads to increased wear. As you can see, there
is a typical 'stagnation zone' in the oil flow, which temporarily occurs
during a cold start. Indeed, there is technically enough oil in the system
but it is not being used for its intended purpose because it is stuck
somewhere on the way.
It's clear that one struggles with this
phenomenon - e.g. with special additives in oil, or just by warming up the
engine at idling speed. It looks like there is no universal solution, but
surely sooner or later the trend will triumph, and it will be possible to
start right from the spot without fear for the engine.
Road junction. In order to pass one traffic stream, you have
to stop the other. Formally, there is enough space on the road, but in fact
- behind the junction there is nothing, and in front of it there is a
congestion zone, i.e. a familiar traffic jam. In accordance with the trend,
such zones are eliminated, for example, by multi-level interchanges.
Definition: Transition from constant flow to pulsed flow (including sign-variable flow).
Notes: Often the efficiency of a flow depends mainly on its amplitude value. Therefore, it is advantageous to switch to a pulsed flow in order to increase efficiency. The total power of such a flow can be small, because its effective value is small, but the efficiency is significant, because the pulse amplitude can be very high. However, larger amplitudes can be achieved more easily in pulsed mode by storing energy at pauses.
Examples: Concrete demolition using a pulsed water jet.
Definition: Transition from a pulsed (variable) flow with an arbitrary frequency to a flow whose frequency is equal to the frequency of natural vibrations of the flow source, elements of its path or the object to which the flow is directed.
Notes: In particular, the use of resonance allows selective
high-intensity effects at low total power of the flow.
In contrast to a
conventional vibratory conveyor, it provides a significantly higher output
for the same amount of energy and dimensions. This is because its moving
part vibrates at its own vibration frequency, making maximum use of the
drive energy.
Definition: Transition to a flow whose characteristics change over time in response to changes in the characteristics of the object to which the flow is directed.
Notes: The flow is modulated so that it acts on the object only at those moments in time when the object is most sensitive to this effect. In doing so, the efficiency of the flow increases.
Examples: A commonly used thing as an atomic bomb.
It turns out
that in order to detonate it, you need to create a certain level of neutrons
in the fissile material. A neutron gun is provided for that purpose. But it
is useless to irradiate uranium - it is still impossible to create a neutron
flux of the density needed to initiate a reaction. Therefore, the neutron
beam is switched on precisely at the moment when all the pre-critical parts
of the charge are joined together - precisely when they are most sensitive
to it. This is where it all happens.
Definition: Transition from a flow that is uniformly or randomly distributed in space to a flow whose characteristics are distributed in space according to the location of the object (parts of the object, several objects) to which the flow is directed.
Notes: Often, a high flow intensity is needed only in a certain area (operational zone), while costs are determined by the overall intensity. Therefore, it is advantageous to apply a flow with a gradient - high intensity in the operational zone and low intensity throughout the rest of the path to increase efficiency.
Examples: Shaped charge.
The shaped charge concentrates most of
the blast energy into a very small area, resulting in extremely high armour
piercing efficiency within a very low overall charge.
Actually, all cutting and stabbing tools are based on the
concentration of force in a selected area of the workpiece - with a
relatively small overall force, the stress at the point of contact, which
has a very small area, increases so much that it exceeds the resistance
limits of the material.
Glass cutting.
A worker scratches the glass in the
right place and then lightly loads it. This creates such a concentration of
stress that the glass fails and breaks off evenly along the notch.
Definition: Transition from a single strong flow to several weak flows that add up at the right place.
Notes: Several weak homogeneous flows can also be used to achieve a local concentration of flow, which are stacked in the operational zone. For flows having a wave nature, the phenomenon of interference can be used. Since the gain in total power is not achieved in this way, it is usually done in cases where several weak flows are easier to provide than one strong flow.
Examples: The multi-oar boat. Each rower individually cannot create a
large force over a long period of time, but all together can, simply by
folding.
Drying paper. Wet paper is rewound from reel to reel and the
free water is squeezed out with a special roller.
In order to reduce
the viscosity of the water and therefore increase the squeezing efficiency,
the paper is heated. To do this, the support drum is heated from the inside
by steam. However, it was found that the contact time between the paper and
the hot drum surface was so short that the water did not have time to heat
up due to the high winding speed. If you increase the temperature of the
drum, the surface layers adjacent to the drum will start to burn due to the
limited thermal conductivity of the paper. In other words, there is a
situation where a strong heat flow cannot be used and a weak heat flow is
not enough. Therefore, in line with the trend, a second heat flow was
introduced -- blowing hot air onto the paper from outside.
Definition: Transition from a strong flow to a weak flow passing repeatedly through an operational zone.
Notes: The total power of the flow can be reduced by allowing a relatively weak flow to pass repeatedly through the operational zone. This is usually the case when the strong flow is difficult to create or cannot be fully used in one pass and the effect may be cumulative.
Examples: Coil of an electromagnet.
The required magnetic field
strength can, in principle, be obtained with just a single coil. However, in
order to do this, an enormous current would have to be passed through the
coil. Instead, a relatively weak current is used which is passed through the
coil many times, combining the magnetic fields of each coil to make a single
strong field.
Definition: Transition from a single strong flow to two weak heterogeneous flows, the joint use of which leads to a synergetic effect.
Notes: Sometimes, instead of one strong flow, two weak heterogeneous flows can be used, which have a synergetic effect. This effect consists in the fact that the result of simultaneous impact of both flows is much greater than the sum of the results of their separate use. Due to this, weak flows provide high efficiency of the system at low losses.
Examples: The problem of anthrax spore elimination. These spores are extremely resistant to heat and chemical attack. However, the simultaneous action of some chemical agents and relatively low heat reliably kills them. This means that the synergetic effect of two simultaneous currents (heat and chemicals) is being exploited.
Definition: Transition from a strong flow to a weak one, acting on an object pre-saturated with the components of this flow.
Notes: Ideally, there should be no flows in the system at all, because any flow leads to losses and additional load on the system. Complete coagulation of flows can be achieved by pre-saturating the operational zone with substance, energy, and information of the required type and quantity. In doing so, a weak initiating signal is often sufficient to carry out the entire process. If it is not possible to fully saturate an operational area with everything it needs, partial saturation may be limited. In this case, it will be possible to switch to the use of weak streams.
Examples: Land mines. Instead of shelling the enemy (shelling is the
organisation of the flow of certain substances through the environment), the
charges are placed in advance in places where they are likely to
appear.
An example of pre-saturation of an operational area with
energy is self-heating canned food. Now, you don't need a fire or any other
external heat source - just press the bottom and you get a can of hot
coffee.
Pre-injection of a substance is sleeping pills.
If they
are overdosed, poisoning is possible up to and including death. In this
case, inducing vomiting is often sufficient to save the person. Therefore,
in line with the trend, the following solution has been found - a small dose
of a vomiting agent has been injected into the pills in advance. In a
normal situation, this has no effect on well-being, but in a significant
overdose, it is triggered before irreparable harm is done to the
person.
An example of pre-saturation of an operational zone with
information is the use of code signals. If it is agreed in advance which
signal means what (i.e., pre-introduce in the OZ the vast majority of
information), then any signal (and, in principle, even absence of a signal!)
can carry an almost unlimited amount of information. For example, submarine
commanders have detailed instructions about how to proceed if, after
surfacing, they don't get a certain signal from the base (absence of signal
means base destruction - here, the submarine will show itself in such a way
that the submarine will not only win!).
Definition: Transition from an externally regulated system - with a high flow of information between the control system and the working body - to a self-regulating system.
Notes: Often the flow of information in the system is necessary to control the processes occurring in it. These flows can be reduced or eliminated altogether by using self-regulating processes.
Examples: A kettle with a whistle.
A whistle is an information
signal for a person to drop everything and go to perform certain actions -
take the kettle off the fire or turn it off. Then they made a self-switching
kettle, in which sits an almost completely coiled nifty system - a
bimetallic plate. It is a sensor and actuator in one person, using the
energy of its supersystem to work. As a result, the person can go about
their business instead of running around on a whistle like a dog.
Definition: Reduce in the process of development the negative effect of harmful flows.
Definition: Decrease in the process of development the conductivity of harmful flows.
Notes: Harmful flow prevention is practically reduced to the prevention or significant reduction of losses in useful flows. See the methods which are used for this purpose.
Definition: Change from a strong undesirable flow to a weak (absent) one through its partial or complete absorption in a path.
Notes: In order to absorb the flow, the system resistance must be increased. To do this, methods inverse to those used for useful flows are usually applied.
Definition: Transition from a harmful flow that is well transmitted to a flow that is not well transmitted.
Examples: One of the components of stealth technology is that a
cloaked object is coated with a substance that converts radio waves into
heat.
From the pilot's point of view, the radio waves are a harmful
flow. Clearly, heat travels much less well in the atmosphere than radio
waves, so this conversion has a positive effect.
Definition: Transition from a short flow to a long flow.
Notes: Usually, many types of losses and resistance to a flow are
proportional to its length. Consequently, to increase the resistance to a
harmful flow, its length must be increased.
Indeed, in full agreement
with this trend, sources of unpleasant noise and smells, as well as harmful
emissions, are, in the simplest case, simply kept away from areas where
people are constantly present.
Examples: Labyrinth sealing.
A labyrinth increases the path
length many times and therefore the resistance to the harmful flow of
contaminants from the outside as well as the flow of oil (parasitic flow)
from the inside.
Definition: Transition from a harmful flow, free from areas where the resistance is significantly greater than the flow resistance of the pathway, to a flow containing such areas.
Notes: A 'bottle neck' is an area of a flow with sharply increased resistance. Obviously, introducing such areas greatly reduces the conductivity with respect to unwanted flow.
Examples: Sunglasses.
Definition: Transition from a harmful flow, free from areas where some part of it is for a long time or permanently stagnant, to a flow containing such areas.
Notes: A 'stagnation zone' is an area of a flow where some part of it is for a long time or permanently retained. As a result, the effective capacity of the flow is reduced, although formally all of it remains in the system. Consequently, the introduction of dead spots results in the actual absorption of harmful flow into the pathway.
Examples: A respirator.
Harmful dust is trapped in the filter (a
typical dead zone), technically staying in the system but causing no
harm.
Notes: As the resistance to a flow is strongly dependent on the characteristics of the conductors, their reduction leads to a reduction in conductivity. Ideally, the conductivity should be zero. A typical example are all kinds of insulators.
Examples: A kitchen potholder.
Why do we use a potholder or
simply use a cloth to grab a hot pan? By doing so, we introduce a link with
a rather low thermal conductivity into the harmful heat flow from the pan to
our hand, and the pan is now perfectly safe to hold.
Definition: Transition to a harmful flow, which is weakened by adding it to itself.
Examples: An automobile damper design in which the sound vibrations dampen themselves.
Definition: Prevent undesirable effects of flows on an object by changing characteristics of the harmful flow (without changing its power) or object to be damaged.
Definition: Transition from a harmful flow, free from areas in which its behaviour cannot be predicted with sufficient accuracy, to a flow containing such areas.
Examples: All military cloaking is based on this principle.
The
interaction of a stream of bullets/munitions/bombs/rockets with an invisible
enemy cannot be accurately predicted (maybe it is not there at all), so it
is notoriously ineffective, which is what the cloaking experts are trying to
achieve.
Definition: Transition from a small high-density flow to a large low-density flow.
Examples: Electrical equipment intended to be used in environments where there is a high risk of electric shock (damp, metallic constructions) is designed for very low voltages of up to 12 volts. The currents are very high and the cross-section of the cables must be increased, but if a person is exposed to voltage, he or she will not suffer any damage.
Definition: Transition from an impulsive (variable) harmful flow with an arbitrary frequency to a flow the frequency which is far from the eigenfrequency of vibration of the source of the flow, of elements of its path or the object to which the flow is directed.
Examples: The suspension of a car. A car is an oscillating system which is forced to vibrate at a frequency depending on its speed and the nature of the roughness of the road. The frequency of this damaging vibration flow is high and the vehicle's eigenfrequency should therefore be kept as low as possible by using the softest possible leaf springs.
Definition: Transition from a flow which is uniformly or randomly distributed in space to a flow whose characteristics are distributed in space according to the location of the object (parts of the object, several objects) to which the flow is to be directed.
Notes: Harmful flow shall be redistributed in such a way that in the most vulnerable places it has a minimum intensity. The total power of the flow is not reduced, and its harmful effect is reduced.
Examples: The positioning of smokestacks in relation to residential
areas, taking into account the wind pattern so that the harmful smoke flow
mainly goes to the sparsely populated area.
high beam headlights in cars are adjusted so that the head
of the driver of an oncoming car is in the least illuminated zone.
Definition: Reduce the harmful flow by adding an anti-flow.
Notes: Sometimes it is possible to neutralise the harmful effect of a flow by combining it with another flow having the opposite set of characteristics.
Examples: Active armour. A cumulative jet (harmful flow) is neutralised or dispersed by a counter explosion (anti-flow).
Definition: Give the flow a set of properties which reduce its harmful effect.
Notes: It is sometimes possible to neutralise the harmful effect of a flow by modifying it in such a way that it makes the potentially damaged object insensitive to the flow. The flow remains, but is no longer harmful.
Examples: Developing a photographic film.
To prevent the film
from being exposed, the darkroom is illuminated with red light (after
modification, the flow of light remains, but it is no longer harmful to the
film).
Definition: Impart a set of properties to the object that is potentially damaged by the harmful flow in order to reduce the harmful effect.
Notes: Sometimes it is possible to neutralise the harmful effect of a flow by modifying the potentially damaged object to make it insensitive to the flow. In doing so, the flow remains, but ceases to be harmful.
Examples: The use of stainless steel in various products operating in corrosive environments and all kinds of protective coatings rendering them insensitive to the damaging effects of that environment.
Definition: ransition of the harmful flow whose harmful effect is corrected by another flow.
Notes: If the harmful flow and the potentially damaged object cannot be modified, a second damage-correcting flow is introduced. The harmful effect remains, but does not produce visible results.
Examples: Freezing of a film of ice on the leading edge of an
cavitation-damaged hydrofoil, and the setting of a layer of sugar sand on
the walls of the hopper, which is abraded by the same sand.
Welding with a non-consumable electrode in an inert
gas.
The heat flow from the arc destroys the electrode even when
refractory alloys and various cooling methods are used. One possible
solution to this problem is to introduce small amounts of methane into the
inert gas stream. Pyrolysis of methane causes the formation of a thin film
of electrically conductive soot on the cathode. This film is constantly
being destroyed by the heat of the arc, but is just as constantly being
regenerated. As a result, the lifetime of the electrode is considerably
increased.
Definition: Transition to a harmful flow acting on an object that is pre-saturated with the constituents of a neutralising flow.
Notes: If it is not possible to supply the neutralising flow, the potentially damaged object shall be pre-saturated with the neutralising components of the harmful flow.
Examples: Antiseptics already introduced into the material of surgical
gowns during the manufacturing process.
An example is the wide use of buffer solutions in chemistry:
when an excess of H+ or OH
Definition: Change from a harmful flow occurring wholly within the system to a flow occurring wholly or partly through a pathway external to the system.
Notes: In order to eliminate the harmful effect or simply to reduce the load on the system, the harmful flow is led outside the system. To do this, the conductivity is increased by all the methods used for useful flows.
Examples: Cool anything that overheats with heat dissipation to the environment by means of various radiators, disposal of waste water, smoke and waste, removal of swarf during machining, earthing of electrical equipment, ensuring that the flow of electricity that has become harmful in an emergency is discharged into the ground, etc.
Definition: Reduce the process of development of the negative effect of parasitic flows.
Definition: Decrease in the process of development the conductivity of parasitic flows.
Definition: Reduce the prevention of a parasitic flow to the prevention or significant reduction of useful flow losses.
Notes: To do this, the previously mentioned methods are used.
Definition: Transition from a strong parasitic flow to a weak (absent) parasitic flow by partially or completely absorbing it in the path.
Notes: The same methods are used for this as for harmful flows.
Definition: Decrease in the process of development the cost of parasitic flows.
Definition: The process of development leads to closed parasitic flows returning to the operational zone for reuse.
Examples: Reuse of scrap metal, plastic and paper waste, various closed-loop technologies, energy recovery, etc.